Situación de la catequesis en España

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29/04/2018
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Situación de la catequesis en España

La catequesis en España hoy es una realidad que quiere responder a la nueva situación de la religiosidad actual. Esto contrasta con lo que ocurría en España hace 60 años. Aquella catequesis se realizaba de modo muy parecido en todos los rincones de España. Básicamente estaba muy centrada en el aprendizaje de las respuestas de los catecismos de Astete o de Ripalda, o en el catecismo nacional de grado. No hacía falta más en un ambiente de cristiandad, en el que la sociedad entera parecía introducir al niño en la vida cristiana. Es cierto que, por ejemplo, las misiones populares eran una especie de catequesis de adultos, pero no se la llamaba catequesis, ni estaba en la mentalidad de entonces considerarlo catequesis, era sencillamente, cuidado pastoral.

 

El Concilio Vaticano II y el auge que dio al método ver-juzgar y actuar y la introducción de la dimensión de la experiencia supusieron un primer cambio: se trataba de intentar llegar a una integración fe-vida, que una catequesis muy nocional como la anterior no conseguía. Paralelamente hubo en España un auge de las “fichas” de trabajo en el desarrollo de la sesión con los niños. El hecho de dar catequesis en grupo de unos 10-15 niños, el que los catequistas pasasen a ser laicos (o más numéricamente más bien laicas), el que el movimiento bíblico pusiese de relieve la Sagrada Escritura y que el niño tuviese que estar en catequesis durante varios años hizo que se buscasen formas para lograr una mayor eficacia. Sin embargo el catecismo quedó arrinconado: no parecía tener la importancia que debería. La voz de alarma la dio Ratzinger con una conferencia en Lyon y en el año 1992 aparece el Catecismo de la Iglesia Católica que impulsó la importancia de los catecismos en la misma sesión catequética.

 

Pero tampoco bastaba asegurar la rectitud de la doctrina. La secularización creciente de la catequesis hace pensar que hay que mirar al modelo de la Iglesia naciente, y en concreto a la gran institución del catecumenado: hay que inspirarse en el catecumenado, hay que dar una impronta catecumenal a toda la catequesis, es decir, procurar abarcar toda la vida. En cuatro verbos se resume este carácter integral: conocer, celebrar, vivir y orar. Al mismo tiempo crece el número de personas a las que hay que dar un catecumenado en su sentido estricto puesto que no fueron bautizadas nada más nacer.

 

La Iglesia en España animó todo este proceso con un documento titulado: “La iniciación cristiana, reflexiones y orientaciones” de 1998. Con él se fueron estableciendo en las diócesis los llamados “itinerarios de iniciación cristiana” que intentan salir al paso de la variedad de situaciones que nos encontramos hoy. El último gran documento de la Conferencia Episcopal se titula: “Custodiar, alimentar y promover la memoria de Jesucristo”. Es un documento que no sólo presenta los catecismos sino que da unas orientaciones entre las que destaca la importancia de la dimensión espiritual (entendida como adhesión global de la persona a Jesucristo) y el ir introduciendo el acompañamiento personal.

 

En definitiva, la catequesis es una función básica de la vida de la Iglesia y necesita del apoyo de toda la comunidad cristiana, incluida la oración de la vida monástica, y por supuesto de buenos catequistas, que estén sólidamente identificados con Jesucristo, con un gran amor a la Iglesia y a los catequizandos y que cuiden su dimensión profética.

                                                                                                                                    Rafael Casado García

                                                                                                                             Delegado diocesano de catequesis de Burgos

 

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